Engelsk

The repayment rates for Danish non-financial corporations (NFC's) and households decreased 0.21 and 0.13 percentage points respectively compared to 2018. This translates to an annual saving of kr. 2,104 and kr. 1,282 respectively per borrowed million.

Lending from banks and mortgage credit institutions (MCI's) to non-financial corporations (NFC's) and households grew 2.9 percent in 2019. This is a slight increase compared to 2018, but significantly lower compared to the peak in the 2000s where the total credit growth reached 16.9 per cent. Loans to these two sectors totalled kr. 3,749 billion in December 2019.

It is typically assumed within corporate default modeling that the covariates have a linear effect on the log-hazard scale, no interactions, and that there is only a single additive latent factor on the log-hazard scale. Using a sample of US corporate firms, we show in this paper that these standard assumptions are too strict and that they matter in practice. We propose instead a frailty-model that relaxes these assumptions and takes into account time-varying covariates, while being able to provide forecasts for arbitrary portfolios.

Danish authorities have implemented a number of regulations targeting mortgage financing. The new regulations provide incentives for the most indebted homeowners to increase amortization on their mortgages thereby increasing the robustness of the housing market. As the new rules have been implemented, mortgage credit institutions have managed to increase their issuance of new mortgages to first time buyers as well as older existing home owners remortgaging.

In Danmarks Nationalbank's lending survey for the 4th quarter 2019, 4 of the 17 credit managers in the surveyed banks report that they have tightened the credit standards slightly compared to last quarter. When the credit managers' answers are weighted with the market share of their respective bank, the credit standards for lending to corporate and private customers on average are tightened by approximately -6 and -3, respectively (where 0 corresponds to unchanged credit standards and -50 corresponds to all the banks having tightened slightly).

Homeowners’ with interest-only mortgages reduce consumption by an average of 3 per cent of income when amortisation starts if they are unable to roll over their interest-only loans into new ones as they might have expected to do. This corresponds to a reduction in expenditure of kr. 14,000 per homeowner per year. This appears from a Working Paper prepared by Henrik Yde Andersen, Senior Economist, Alessia De Stefani, Research Economist and Stine Ludvig Bech, Senior Economist.

We study how homeowners’ consumption responds to the beginning of the amortization period on interest-only mortgages. In response to an average increase in mortgage instalments worth 9 per cent of annual income, consumption drops by 3 percent of income, in the year when amortization starts. This expenditure cut is persistent, but only affects a small subset of borrowers with high leverage ratios. These borrowers might have been unable to rollover their interest-only loans into new ones.

We show that systemic risk in the banking sector breeds macroeconomic uncertainty. We develop a model of a production economy with a banking sector where financial constraints of banks can lead to disastrous banking panics. We find that a higher probability of a banking panic increases uncertainty in the aggregate economy. We explore the implications of this banking panic-driven uncertainty for business cycles, asset prices and macroprudential regulation. Banking panic-driven uncertainty amplifies business cycle volatility and increases risk premia on asset prices. A countercyclical capital buffer lowers both the probability of banking panics and aggregate uncertainty.